Methanesulfonic acid (MSA) is the simplest organosulfur sulfonic acid. It is a strong, non-oxidizing organic acid widely recognized as an eco-friendly acid catalyst and solvent in industrial, pharmaceutical, and chemical processes.
Key Chemical & Physical Properties
| Property |
Value / Specification |
| Chemical Formula |
$\text{CH}_3\text{SO}_3\text{H}$ (or $\text{CH}_4\text{O}_3\text{S}$) |
| CAS Registry Number |
75-75-2 |
| Molar Mass |
$96.10\text{ g/mol}$ |
| Appearance |
Clear, colorless to light yellow liquid |
| Density |
$1.48\text{ g/cm}^3$ (at $20^\circ\text{C}$) |
| Melting Point |
$17 - 20^\circ\text{C}$ |
| Boiling Point |
$167^\circ\text{C}$ at $10\text{ mmHg}$ (decomposes at higher temps) |
| Acidity ($\text{p}K_a$) |
$-1.96$ (Strong acid, stronger than acetic acid, weaker than sulfuric acid) |
| Solubility in Water |
Fully miscible in all proportions |
| Solubility in Organic Solvents |
Highly soluble in alcohols, esters, ethers, and polar solvents |
Key Features & Advantages
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Green Acid Catalyst: Biodegradable and readily breaks down into natural compounds, making it a preferred sustainable alternative to p-toluenesulfonic acid ($\text{PTSA}$), sulfuric acid ($\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4$), or hydrofluoric acid ($\text{HF}$).
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Non-Oxidizing: Unlike concentrated sulfuric or nitric acids, MSA does not oxidize reagents or cause unwanted side-reaction charring.
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Thermal Stability: Remains stable across high-temperature operations during chemical synthesis.
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Low Volatility & Odor: Less hazardous to handle compared to volatile mineral acids like hydrochloric acid ($\text{HCl}$).
Primary Applications
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Pharmaceutical Synthesis: Widely used as a reagent/catalyst in API synthesis and to produce methane sulfonate (mesylate) salts of active drug molecules to enhance their solubility and bioavailability.
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Electroplating & Metal Finishing: Used in tin, lead, and precious metal plating baths (especially for semiconductor circuits and electronic component manufacturing) due to high metal-salt solubilities.
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Industrial & Domestic Cleaning: Serves as a descaling agent and heavy-duty industrial cleaner for removing rust, scale, and milkstone without damaging glass or metal equipment.
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Biodiesel & Esterification: Acts as an efficient acid catalyst for esterification reactions, transesterification of oils into biodiesel, and polymerization reactions.
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Chemical Intermediate: Used in the production of methanesulfonyl chloride (mesyl chloride), resins, surfactants, and agrochemicals.
Safety & Handling
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Corrosive: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage (UN 3265, Hazard Class 8, Packing Group II).
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Precautions: Always use corrosion-resistant storage (e.g., HDPE, fluoropolymers, stainless steel alloys) and standard protective gear (chemical gloves, safety goggles, face shield).
Trade & Identification Details